Our laboratory reports a Kinship test result as one of six ways, which are:
* Very probable: POR is 99% or greater * Probable: POR is >95% to 99% * Indication: POR is >80% to 95% * Uncertain: POR is >20% to 80% * Improbable: POR is >5% to 20% * Doubtful: POR is 0% to 5%
Since kinship tests are used to identify second degree relationships, one must consider that these individuals do not share as much DNA in common as do a parent and child. For this reason, results are variable and, sometimes, an "uncertain" result could be obtained from truly biological second degree relatives. Full siblings, for example, are expected to share roughly 50% of their DNA in common. However, sometimes full siblings may inherit the exact opposite genes from their parents, which in a DNA test , could look like they are not biologically related. Say, for instance, that at Genetic Marker #1, the mother has the alleles A and B, and the father has the alleles C and D. So, their children could have either AC, AD, BC or BD. Then, say that sibling #1 has AC and sibling #2 has BD. In a DNA test, this would be a complete non-match. Also, if the genes that the siblings do share are common, or have a high frequency, in their given racial population, it may also look like they are not biologically related, or at least not "very probable" to be.
While kinship DNA testing is a very reliable tool for verification of biological family relationships, sometimes extended testing may be needed to obtain conclusive results. On the contrary, however, many times, kinship tests do conclusively identify family relationships.
An inclusion is reported with a probability of maternity (POM) of 99% or more and a match is found at all genetic markers tested. In an inclusion report, it is stated that the alleged mother "cannot be excluded" as being the biological mother of the tested child. These three words often create a lot of confusion. This wording is used since an inclusion can not ever be reported at 100%. However, the combined maternity index (CMI) should also be looked at, as it can help to make the results more understandable. First though, it should be understood that the bare minimum for reporting an inclusion result is with a POM of 99% and a CMI of 100 (alleged mother and child only) or 500 (alleged mother, child and father). Since our laboratory utilizes an advanced analysis of fifteen genetic markers as a standard, we normally see POMs and CMIs far exceed the minimum requirement. So, when the CMI is say, 100,000, it can be interpreted as a 1 in 100,000 (of the defined female racial population) certainty that the alleged mother is the biological mother of the tested child. What an Exclusion Means?
An exclusion is reported with a POM of 0.00%. In an exclusion result, it will be seen that at at least two genetic markers, there is a non-match. In an exclusion report, it is stated that the alleged mother "was excluded" as being the biological mother of the tested child. When an exclusion is reported, a second, independent test will be performed to confirm that the exclusion can be duplicated. Other Possibilities
Another possible result may be an inclusion with a mutation. In most cases, an inclusion result means that at all tested genetic markers, a match is found. However, sometimes an inclusion can be reported when all but one marker has a match (or, in rare cases, two). Known mutations have a specific frequency in various racial populations and, often, that frequency is low. So, when the mutation frequency is figured into the formula for calculating the POM, it can possibly cause the POM to fall below 99%. To confirm mutations, it is always recommended that the father test, if he has not already, or to perform extended testing of additional markers.
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