We have all heard of HTML. HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. What is a hypertext markup language, you ask? It is a language for specifying how certain text should appear. When you design a web page, you want certain content or text to be displayed in a specific way. You may want some text to appear in bold or italics, while other text you may want to display larger or in color.
HTML is not the only type of markup language. There are markup languages that apply to other types of applications, such as word processing or other software applications. However, HTML was by far the most important markup language ever created, as it became the standard for displaying information on what is now known as the world wide web, or internet.
However, HTML is not the only markup language being used on the internet today. Another, better version of HTML evolved as programmers began to realize that HTML was innately flawed in a variety of ways.
By 1999, a new specification was written in a language called XML, which forms the basis for XHTML. The World Wide Web Consortium says the following about XHTML:
- The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) is a family of current and future document types and modules that reproduce, subset, and extend HTML, reformulated in XML. XHTML family document types are all XML-based, and ultimately are designed to work in conjunction with XML-based user agents. XHTML is the successor of HTML, and a series of specifications has been developed for XHTML -
XHTML is what is known as a meta-language, which is a language for defining a markup language. To put it simply, SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) is the basis for HTML. XML is a more refined subset of SGML, and forms the basis for XHTML. On the whole, XHTML allows for more flexibility than HTML.
XHTML was developed for two reasons: (1) to try to create a language that could more effectively convey the meaning of a particular webpage to a computer, and (2) to create a layout for webpages that would be universally understood by browsers running on different platforms or on different types of screens, whether it be a PC platform with a standard 800 X 600 monitor, a laptop, a cell phone, or any other device.
So, to all you web designers out there, it is probably time to start designing your most important web pages in XHTML. As almost every electronic device on the market is now equipped with internet access, it is important to use a versatile programming language like XHTML so that your web pages can be viewed and properly formatted across a wide variety of platforms.
According to the official reports, the permanent corrosion is to be considered as the main cause of almost 25% of all the natural-gas pipeline traumas and accidents; according to a recent reporting period, this feature is to be avoided when it comes to our modern times because transco has to develop some special measures in order to prevent these regular accidents from occurring. Thanks to the existence of the modern methods when it comes to protection against corrosion, one should consider the fact that the present number of different pipeline failures that are likely to be due to corrosion is likely to become relatively small. Cathodic protection, the well known method that is usually used in these cases in conjunction with special protective coatings, is to be considered as the primary method when it comes to the constant defense against the process of corrosion that is likely to attack even the major cross-country systems and pipelines.
Cathodic protection is likely to require the constant delivery when it comes to a steady electrical charge. One should consider the fact that when it comes to such a cathodic protection system, the transwestern pipeline is likely to be negatively charged thus acting as a true cathode. A positively charged feature, namely a sacrificial anode is likely to complete the entire circuit. In this system, the constant process of oxidation is likely to occur in the special anode while the existing cathode, namely the transco pipeline is likely to become quite protected from corrosion process. For the entire company, this cathodic protection is quite essential when it comes to the constant maintenance of almost 2,600 mi. of pipeline that is used in order to transport the existing natural gas to various markets that are to be found in Texas, New Mexico and California. This constant the threat when it comes to corrosion is to be regarded as something that is always waiting in order to be able to reduce the existing metal to its original matters.
One should also consider the fact that the company’s thermoelectric generators are likely to have provided good and constant service over the past years, but the actual pipeline system is likely to be 41 years old now. As the entire transco pipeline ages, more gas and energy are likely to be required in order to maintain the adequate cathodic protection. One should also be aware of the fact that these cathodic protection requirements are likely to become increasing ones. So, the thermoelectric generators are not likely to give the output that is needed nowadays. The company was actually faced with two different options: it can choose to add thermoelectric generators to the already existing ones in order to increase the existent power supply that is to be found at each location.
Or, the company may actually choose to replace all the worn-out units by trying to work with different types of generators. All the existing generators are likely to be wearing out in time; their repair is likely to cost even more than in the case of a total replacement. Therefore, the company staff should consider the permanent replacement of these old devices that are not likely to work for a longer period of time anymore. The transwestern pipeline is to secure its future because corrosion is a quite irreversible process that can attack more than it has already done. Even overhead power was actually considered but this type of solution is likely to ask for huge amounts of money; therefore, this process is too expensive for the transco to afford. Actually, some of its locations are likely to be quite remote ones that will probably need more costs. Cost-effective solutions and access are to be considered instead and over heading the power lines does not seem to be the proper solution that the entire company waits for.
Therefore, the company should consider all its options again; evaluation is likely to be needed in order to establish the level of this corrosion process that is likely to affect every gas pipeline in time. New power requirements are also to be taken into account in order to save money; monitoring devices should be installed in order to check the existence of possible problems that can actually occur along the way. The so-called minotaur units have started to be placed instead of the traditional thermoelectric generators and their operating costs are quite low; the actual consumption should also be metered in order to establish the real costs of the entire process because all the possible overall systems looses are to be monitored in order to keep track of the possible additional expenses.
Both Jim Pretin & Ken Wilson are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.
Ken Wilson has sinced written about articles on various topics from Software, Cars and Shopping. The well known transco company has managed to figure out a possible solution when it comes to the constant corrosion of its pipelines; therefore, Minotaur units hav. Ken Wilson's top article generates over 45500000 views. Bookmark Ken Wilson to your Favourites.