Most of the bitumen producing nations including Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Singapore, Iran, Malaysia and Newzeland in Asia uses the penetration test (ASTM D-5) ( as specified by TNZ/M/1 in Newzeland's standards) as against their Australian counterparts who uses the viscosity of the bitumen to define the grades of bitumen. This has given rise to difference in manufacturing standards between the rest of it's neighbors.

Grades as per D-5, carried out under laboratory conditions at 25 deg C to determine the depth that a weighted needle skins into bitumen specimen over 5 seconds. Thus the higher the grade, the softer the bitumen. It is measured in tenths of a millimeter. 60/70 grade has a depth of penetration between 6 & 7 millimeters.

This test, although look crude, is still internationally used as it serves as a reference point to compare the property of the bitumen at higher temperatures and it’s consistency with regards to Softening point and viscosity.

with reference to it’s physical characteristics, simply at the ambient temperature, are graded as

180/200 Softer Sealing

130/150 Soft Sealing

80/100 Hard Hot mix Asphalt binder, sealing

60/70 Harder Hot mix Asphalt binder

Most of the nations like Newzeland has one or more than one refinery , which cannot cater to their local demand, the additional requirements for the road construction are being imported.

Australian Bitumen

Australia uses the viscosity of the bitumen to define the grades of bitumen. This is in total contrast with the simple and internationally followed standard of Penetration test per ASTM D-5 .

To comply with AS 2008, the viscosity of the bitumen is tested at 60 deg C to define the four grade of bitumen used for pavement construction.

Grade Viscosity International CharacterApplication

Class 5040-60 No Equivalent Softer Sealing

Class 170140-200 80/100 Soft Sealing

Class 320260-380 60/70 Hard Hot mix Asphalt , sealing

Class 600500-700 40/50 Harder Hot mix Asphalt

Viscosity is basically a measure of consistency and higher the viscosity , the harder the bitumen gets.

The advantages of using Viscosity over the Penetration tests are

•Viscosity is independent of the test system and the sample size.

•At 60 deg C, the testing range is close the pavement temperature

•Comparative studies of viscosity over a range from 60-150 deg C yields the bitumen’s temperature susceptibility.