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How To Tcp Ip

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Introduction I will demonstrate the unique power of TCP/IP. We will explore some of the powers of this suite of protocols and understand the importance of using it. TCP/IP is actually a packet of information being sent through different servers to reach its destination. In some instances it takes only seconds and with certain programs you can actually see how many servers and seconds it actually takes to reach it's destination. This is really a unique system this shows the power of the internet and the intricate systems the computer actually has. You will also be able to learn how TCP/IP was first developed and how these packets are actually sent. Development of TCP/IP Shared resources are a way to cut expenses. TCP/IP was developed to handle such cross network sharing. Scientists first developed TCP/IP, the Advanced Research Projects Agency network called ARPAnet. The ARPAnet is a well-known TCP/IP network. Hundreds of vendors have products that support TCP/IP, and millions of networks, with different operating systems, use TCP/IP as its protocol. TCP/IP is only two protocols in the package called "Internet Protocol Suite." Because TCP and IP are the best known of the protocols in the suite, most people refer to the suite as "TCP/IP." The Internet is a collection of networks; including, Local Internet Service Providers, the Defense Data Network (DDN), Colleges and Universities, Research Institutions, and countless other networks.Auxiliary Programs The Suite of protocols is not limited to TCP/IP, there is a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) which allows users on one computer to get files from another computer or to send files to another computer. Usually, a person logs in as a "GUEST" or "ANONYMOUS" to gain access to the private or restricted area on the remote computer, security is handled by the User ID and password. TELNET is a network terminal protocol that allows a user to login to any other computer on the network. Once your computer is connected to the remote system all commands that are typed locally will be executed on the remote system. Logging into a remote system using TELNET is the same as FTP; the user must furnish his/her User ID and password. How TCP works Two protocols are used to handle TCP/IP datagrams, sometimes referred to as packets. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is responsible for breaking up the message into manageable datagrams, reassembling them at the other end, resending any packets that are lost or corrupted, and putting them back together in the correct order. On small networks TCP is doing all the work, but on the Internet getting the datagram to its destination is a more complex job. The way the Internet is today the datagram could pass through several different types of systems. For this reason, TCP passes the datagram, with the destination address, to the Internet Protocol (IP). The only thing IP has to concern itself with is the Internet address of the destination computer. IP has a simple job of finding a route for the datagrams to get from the source computer to the destination computer. Detailed analysis of TCP TCP/IP looks at the size of the information to be sent and breaks it into smaller, more manageable packets called datagrams. TCP then attaches a header to the datagram. The Port number is used to keep track of different conversations. If three people are transferring files, TCP might allocate port numbers 1000, 1001, and 1002. The SOURCE PORT is assigned by your machine and the DESTINATION PORT by the remote machine. The header contains a SEQUENCE NUMBER that is used by the destination machine to build the message and to see if any datagrams are missing. The CHECKSUM is a number that is computed by adding up all of the octets in the datagram, and the result is put in the header. Once the computer at the remote end receives the datagram and verifies the checksum, it places an Acknowledgment number in the header and sends it back to the source computer. So, now is when TCP hands it off to IP. The amount of datagrams depends on the file size. Details of IP The main things in this header are the SOURCE and DESTINATION address, and they are the same as the TCP header. The PROTOCOL tells IP which protocol to deliver it to, either TCP or one of the other protocols that use IP. The CHECKSUM in the IP header is verified at the other computer to make sure the datagram was not damaged in transit. The time to live field is how long the packet will live before it's erased. The reason for this is not to have stranded packets clogging up the network. For File transfers, mail sending and retrieval, and remote logins TCP/IP is the protocol of choice. It has the minimum lose of data, while insuring pinpoint delivery. TCP/IP is invisible to the user; therefore, the user doesn't have to worry about configuring TCP/IP.

How To Tcp Ip

The core components of TCP/IP are the IP address and the Subnet mask. The entire purpose of the Subnet Mask is to show the computer where to separate the IP Address into the Network ID and the Host ID. When read in Binary, a Subnet Mask will always be a string of 1’s followed by a string of 0’s. The 1’s cover the Network ID while the 0’s cover the Host ID. The IP Address is separated between the last 1 and the first 0. Network ID Host ID 10101010.01010101 11001100.11100011 = IP Address 11111111.11111111 00000000.00000000 = Subnet Mask TCP/IP addresses are made up of 4 sets of numbers called “Octets." Each octet is an 8 bit binary string. The largest possible value that can be created with 8 characters in binary is 255. There are three classes of IP Address by default. They are determined by the value of their first octet. Each Class address has a particular default Subnet Mask. Class “A" = 1-127 Default Subnet Mask = 255.0.0.0 Class “B" = 128-191 Default Subnet Mask = 255.255.0.0 Class “C" = 192-223 Default Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 When viewed in Binary, you’ll notice a pattern. Class “A" always begins with a 0 00000001-01111111 Class “B" always begins with a 10 10000000-10111111 Class “C" always begins with a 110 11000000-11011111 The remaining classes (any with a value of 224 or higher in the first octet) are not used for public use, and are not considered valid. Also, though technically a Class “A" address, 127.0.0.1 is reserved for testing purposes. It is referred to as the “Loop-Back Address." It, along with any other address beginning with 127 in the first octet, is not considered valid. When determining Host ID’s or Network ID’s it is very important to remember that we cannot have an ID containing all 1’s or all 0’s. All 0’s would be an address of 0 (nothing) and all 1’s is used to broadcast to everyone within the same group. The easiest and fastest way to determine the number of valid Hosts, Networks, or Subnets, is to count the number of bits (single space digits in Binary) in that ID, figure out the largest possible number (remembering not to use all 1’s) and translate that back to decimal. For example: an address with 5 bits dedicated to the Host ID (11110) would have 30 different possible Hosts. This method works to calculate the number of Networks or Subnets as well. The reverse of this can also be used to calculate how many bits are required for a particular number of Hosts or Subnets. For example: if we had a network that required 50 Hosts, you would determine the number of bits necessary to accommodate the required Hosts. The Binary number of 50 is 110010. 6 bits are required, which means that in reality we would have 62 Hosts (111110 = 62), however if we had tried to use only 5 bits instead of 6 we would end up with 30 Hosts per Subnet. (11110 = 30) Subnetting is used to break a class network into a number of smaller groups of Hosts called a Subnet. For example: a Class "B" network by default has 65,534 Hosts (16 spaces 1111111111111110.) we can break a standard Class "B" network into 30 Subnets each containing 2046 Hosts. 207.119.87.43 = IP Address 255.255.248.0 = Subnet Mask 11111111.11111111 11111 000.00000000 Network Subnet Host 5 spaces (11110) = 30 Subnets 11 spaces (11111111110) = 2046 Hosts The Network ID is covered by the default Subnet Mask for the Class address. The Subnet ID is covered by the remaining 1’s in the Subnet Mask. The Host ID is covered by the 0’s in the Subnet Mask. A network can be subnetted across more then one octet. We could take a Class "A" address and use it to create a group of Subnets each containing 1022 hosts. 11111111 11111111.111111 00.00000000 Network Subnet Host 112.107.141.176 = Class "A" address 255.255.252.0 = Subnet Mask after Subnetting into the third octet. Make sure you verify the address class. Even though the Subnet Mask extends into the third octet, the address is Class "A." In this case, there are 16,382 Subnets each containing 1022 Hosts. Subnet ID has 14 spaces (11111111111110 = 16382) Host ID has 10 spaces (111111111 = 1022) We can verify the validity of an address simply by converting both the IP Address and the Subnet Mask into Binary, separating the IP address into Network ID, Subnet ID, and Host ID. If any of the IDs is either all 1’s or all 0’s then the address is not valid. 01101101 0000 1111.10101010 = Not Valid All 0’s in the Subnet ID This address would not be valid. To make this address valid we would have to place a valid number in the Subnet ID part of the IP Address, or adjust the Subnet Mask to cover one more bit. 11111111.11110000. 00000000.00000000 Switch this 0 to a 1. To determine the range of the IP address, separate the host id from the Network and Subnet IDs. IP Address 10110101.01101001.001 00000.00000001 Subnet Mask 11111111.11111111.111 00000.00000000 Network/Subnet IDs Host ID Without changing the Network / Subnet Ids, figure the smallest and largest host numbers available. (All 0’s with a 1 on the end = Smallest. All 1’s with an 0 on the end = Largest.) Then translate both complete addresses back to decimal. This is your range. 10110101.01101001.001 00000.00000001 = 181.105.32.1 10110101.01101001.001 11111.11111110 = 181.105.63.254 To verify if two addresses are on the same Subnet just translate the IP Addresses and the Subnet into Binary and verify that the Network IDs and Subnet IDs are the same on each IP address. 181.105.112.17 = IP Address #1 10110101.01101001.011 10000.00010001 181.105.120.129 = IP Address #2 10110101.01101001.011 11000.11000001 255.255.224.0 = Subnet Mask 11111111.11111111.111 00000.00000000 The Network IDs must be the same. The Host IDs will be different. Using these steps, we can Ø Identify IP Addresses by Class Ø Specify default Subnet Masks by Class Ø Separate IP Addresses into Network IDs and Host IDs Ø Separate the default Class Addresses into multiple Subnets determined by the required number of Hosts or Subnets Ø Determine the number of Hosts or Subnets in a Network Ø Verify the validity of an address Ø Find the range of a particular Subnet ID Ø Determine whether two addresses are on the same Subnet

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How To Tcp Ip, by Jane Black

Jane Black has sinced written about articles on various topics from Information Technology, Online Business and Computers and The Internet. Viko Johns is an ip address tracking technology specialist at ipillion.com. The company offers free. Jane Black's top article generates over 14800 views. Bookmark Jane Black to your Favourites.

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