Nausea and vomiting are two of the most common symptoms of various diseases. They are also common side effects of different medications. Sometimes, these two conditions are taken separately, however, in some instances these two occurrences viewed as inseparable. Nausea is described as the unpleasant urge or feeling of vomiting, though it does not necessarily lead to that at all times. Vomiting on the other hand is defined as the expulsion of one's stomach contents through the mouth. These two conditions usually act as the defense mechanism of the body whenever there is an undesirable change in a person's system. Vomiting is best triggered during instances of food poisoning when a potentially hazardous substance may have entered a person's body and he or she must emit it immediately to avoid harm. Nausea on the other hand is triggered by certain situations and is processed within the brain. Sometimes, changes in the chemical balance of a person's body may send signals to his or her brain which will then lead to a feeling of nausea as the system's reaction or response. In other cases, both nausea and vomiting can be psychosomatic, which means that despite the entire physical system being stable, a person may still experience these conditions when triggered by psychological issues. The bottom line of it all, however, is simply that these two situations are reactions or responses by a person's system or body to changes that are considered unpleasant, threatening, and undesirable.
The usual health conditions where nausea and vomiting are associated with include pregnancy, food poisoning, vertigo problems, stress or anxiety, overdosing on medications, fatigue, and brain injuries. These medical conditions cannot be said as the cause of the occurrence of nausea and vomiting, rather, there are factors or processes involved in the said situations that have caused or triggered nausea and vomiting to happen. However, due to the constant association of nausea and vomiting as a by-product of the mentioned health concerns, the relationship between the two conditions has eventually been viewed as that of cause-and-effect.
Nausea and vomiting as health concerns are not really threatening or dangerous, unless it is already excessive. The danger actually that can come about is when dehydration happens as a result of too much vomiting. Extreme caution should, therefore, be taken or done to prevent the situation from reaching the point of dehydration. To be able to do this, it is important to be knowledgeable of the various situations or conditions that cause the feeling of nausea and vomiting and to direct the treatment towards eliminating or curing the causal factor to also solve the concerns with vomiting. It is also necessary, therefore, to know the possible treatments for nausea and vomiting to provide a solution early on the situation.
What causes Nausea and Vomiting?
As mentioned earlier, the commonly viewed or considered causes of nausea and vomiting include vertigo problems, food poisoning, pregnancy, overdosing on medications, reactions to medications, anxiety or stress, fatigue, brain injury, and also infections. Vomiting alone can also be triggered by other conditions such as motion- or sea-sickness, food allergies, brain tumors, bulimia, alcoholism, chemotherapy, and gastrointestinal problems. When treatment of these said causes are achieved, nausea and vomiting are also eliminated. However, there are still instances when nausea and vomiting persist despite the causal condition being treated and solutions, therefore, must already be focused directly on the condition of vomiting itself. This has something to do either with the gastrointestinal system or the part of the brain that activates the sensation of nausea and vomiting, thus, treatments must then be directed to these areas.
What are the treatments for Nausea and Vomiting?
Doctors may prescribe medications as treatment for the causal condition or for the feeling of nausea and vomiting themselves.
It has to be determined first, however, the best approach to take when it comes to treatment and management. A person necessarily has to meet with a medical professional to have his or her situation evaluated and appropriate steps to be taken towards betterment. It still helps, however, to have initial knowledge regarding the medical conditions, their causes, and possible solutions to be able to act appropriately and make wise decisions relative to treatments or options for treatment.
Nausea And Vomiting Treatment
A single or a few doses of phenothiazines and other drugs can be used for symptomatic treatment of nausea and vomiting.
These agents are very effective in preventing vomiting due to any underlying cause. This adverse effects, and precautions to be observed during their use, are the same as those of other phenothiazines described under 'Drugs Used in Major Mental Illnesses.' Promethazine theoclate(Avomine) is very often given in cases of motion sickness.
Dosage: These can be given by mouth, or if not retained by the mouth due to vomiting, by intramuscular injection. The average dose of prochlorperazine is 5 to 10 mg; triflupromazine, 10 to 25mg and promethazine, 10 to 20 mg, twice a day.
These drugs are reported to be less effective in preventing nausea and vomiting than phenothiazines and are used less often for this purpose. However, all of them are very effective in the treatment of giddiness and vertigo due to various diseases such as Labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease and disease of brain-stem.
Metoclopramide (Reglan, Perinorm)
This drug prevents vomiting by a double mechanism, i.e. by a central action on the brain and by a direct action on the stomach. It is of specific benefit in: 1) vomiting during anaesthesia; and 2) vomiting after surgery. It is used in nursing mothers to improve lactation. Since it increases movements of stomach and intestines, it is also used in dyspepsia, reflux esophagitis (heartburn) and post-meal distension in diabetics. The usual dose is 5 to 10 mg, three times daily, by oral or intramuscular route.
Adverse Effects and Precautions: It may cause sedation, diarrhoea, skin rash, and promote lacation. In some patients it may cause dystonia (abnormal jerky movements of face, specially in children). It should be taken 15-30 minutes before meals. It should not be given in bleeding ulcers.
Domperidone (Domstal, Endopace)
This acts both on the stomach and the vomiting centre in the brain. It has less side-effects, especially on movement, than the commonly used metoclopramide. It is safe for patients suffering from Parkinsonism. The usual dose of this drug is 20-40 mg, three to four times a day.
Adverse Effects: It causes headache, dryness of the mouth, drowsiness, and breast engorgement and pain.
Cisapride(Cize, Syspride, Unipride 10 mg, Tab; 5 mg/5 ml syrup)
This drug has less antiemetic effect (prevention of vomiting) but promotes emptying of stomach and increases movements of large bowel which are needed for easier passage of stool. Hance this drug is used in chronic constipation (10 mg three times a day for at least two weeks) and heart-burn. Unfortunately, its use is associated with irregularity of heart beat so its use is declining. A derivative of cisapride is mosapride (Mosid 5 mg, 10 mg tab.) which does not produce irregular heart beat. Mosapride is also available as a chewable tablet containing methyl polysiloxasane (125 mg) for the purpose of heart burn.
Ondansetron (Emset, Nuset 2 mg/ml injection)
This has fewer side-effects than metoclopramide. In doses of 8 mg, twice a day, it is very effective for nausea and vomiting due to radiotherapy or chemotherapy and for post-operative nausea and vomiting. It can cause headache, constipation and allergic reactions. Gransesetron and tropestron are like ondansetron in action.
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