The field of computer forensics was developed primarily by law enforcement personnel for investigating drug and financial crimes. It employs strict protocols to gather information contained on a wide variety of electronic devices, using forensic procedures to locate deleted files and hidden information.
Computer forensics tasks include capturing all the information contained on a specific electronic device by using either a forensic copy technique or by making an image of all or a portion of the device. A forensic copy provides an exact duplicate of the hard drive or storage device. None of the metadata, including the ?last accessed date,?is changed from the original. However, the copy is a ?live?version, so accessing the data on the copy,even only to ?see what is there,?can change this sensitive metadata.
By contrast, making a forensic image of the required information puts a protective electronic wrapper around the entire collection. The collection can be viewed with special software, and the documents can be opened, extracted from the collection, and examined without changing the files or their metadata.
Other forensic tasks include locating and accessing deleted files, finding partial files, tracking Internet history, cracking passwords, and detecting information located in the slack or unallocated space. Slack space is the area at the end of a specific cluster on a hard drive that contains no data; unallocated space contains the remnants of files that have been ?deleted? but not erased from the device, as ?deleting? simply removes the pointer to the location of a specific file on a hard drive, not the file itself.
Electronic Discovery
Electronic discovery has its roots in the field of civil litigation support and deals with organizing electronic files using their attached metadata. Because of the large volume encountered, these files are usually incorporated into a litigation retrieval system to allow review and production in an easy methodology. Legal data management principles are used, including redaction rules and production methodologies.
Electronic discovery tasks usually begin after the files are captured. File metadata is used to organize and cull the collections. Documents can be examined in their native file format or converted to TIF or PDF images to allow for redaction and easy production.
Common Capabilities, Different Philosophies
Computer forensics and electronic discovery methodologies share some common capabilities. One is the ability to produce an inventory of the collection, allowing reviewers to quickly see what is present. Another is the ability to determine a common time zone to standardize date and time stamps across a collection. Without this standardization, an e-mail response may appear to have been created before the original e-mail.
Certified Computer Forensics Examiner
From the cool Bay Area in summer, I traveled to downtown Sacramento, where it was a balmy 106 degrees. I knew I was sweating, but inside I was cool. I wondered if someone else would be in hot water soon.
It is not unusual for me to never meet my client, for computers can be shipped to me at my lab, but Debby was there in the law offices of the plaintiff's attorney. In an oak-paneled conference room we met with counsel for "the other side" and with the plaintiff himself. He sat smugly with his shiny computer on the conference table, friendly enough in spite of his contention that I would never find the offending emails he had allegedly sent years before. My client believed that this fellow had sent emails to his siblings that would disprove his contention - that would show him to be making up a case to snag a cool few ten millions.
I took the disk drive from the smug fellow's computer to make a forensic working copy. I was surprised to find that the hard disk was 100GB in size. A drive of that capacity was fairly new and unusual to see in those days. It was supposed to be 20GB or less. Fortunately, there was an electronics superstore nearby, so I doffed my suit jacket, cranked up the air conditioning on my lab wagon (that beauty just turned over 200,000), and headed on over for some new gear. 45 minutes and a bit of melted rubber later I arrived back at the scene to forensically clean the new disk drive by writing zeroes to every sector.
Once cleared to my satisfaction, I set up the copy process. In those days, while I was partial to Diskology's Disk Jockey, the version I had then didn't seem to be able to handle what was such a large drive for the time. I used ByteBack on a forensic Intel box I had brought just in case. I began the copy process and it went without a hitch. Still, I began to wonder - wasn't this a pretty big drive to have been around at the time of the alleged emails? And for that matter, wasn't this computer pretty fast for its age. And did Windows XP really come on the market before these emails were written? Looked like there weren't going to be any emails on this box.
I talked to Debby. I guessed that the plaintiff was right about the task being futile - because the offending emails were never on this computer. I was willing to look for them, but I didn't want to waste my client's cash. Debby asked me to look into the matter of the components' age when I got back to HQ. A few inquiries with the manufacturer and a couple of Google searches later, I discovered that Windows XP was almost too new, the disk drive was a couple of weeks too modern, and the computer was a month or two younger than those emails.
Debby called opposing counsel - who had no idea why this might not be the original system - until he checked with his man. Turns out he had "set it on the curb for trash pickup" because it "wasn't working." The attorneys weren't happy. The court wasn't happy. The only solution was for me to go to the nine brothers and sisters in four states to copy their personal computers and sift through those for the offending emails.
Do you think they were happy to hear from me? Would you be if your brother put you on the spot like that? Each of them had to agree that a perfect stranger - one who was working against their beloved brother - could come into their homes and look through everything on their personal computers. The most telling example of their displeasure was from one brother, a former Viet Name-era Green Beret, who - in response to my phone call asking when would be a good time to show up - said "I didn't spend two years marching up and down the God**m Ho Chi Minh Trail for this s**t!" I understood.
It turns out that nobody had never gotten around to telling this group that a computer guy would be calling and they needed to cooperate. I found that out when I told Debby of the righteous resistance I had come up against. The sibs were a little friendlier once they got the word from their brother's lawyer.
The next several days, traveling from state to state, town to town, brother to sister to brother and on and on to copy the private data of nine innocent family members had its challenges. But that's a story unto itself...I'll spare you most of the details. Upon my return, the protocol called for me to search all of the data for any correspondence from - let's call him "The Brother" that referenced his struggles with ... we're calling it "Coffee". The next task was to print out what I'd found and get it to the "other side" and the judge to detrmine if anything was private or privileged. Debby and her firm were not to get a look at the data until anything either private or irrelevant had been picked out, and only the remainder produced.
What did I find? Around the time of the alleged emails, lo and behold, I found actual emails. The whole family was talking about The Brother's struggle with Coffee, their individual investigations into Coffee, and the upcoming lawsuit about Coffee. One sib wrote that they shouldn't use the word "Coffee" as Burgess would be looking at their emails? They agreed. They now spoke only of ... "the C-Word."
I just can't talk about most of the other stuff I found. There are some things on your computer you wouldn't want me talking about, I'm sure. Same with my own computer.
But there was one particularly interesting finding. When I called the Green Beret Brother (GBB) from his sister's place across town, and asked for permission to head on over to make the copy of his computer, he obligingly told me it was okay. When I got there, he first asked me to read and sign a statement that I wouldn't hold him liable for any damage to me or my equipment - unintentional or otherwise. Well that was a little scary coming from a guy trained in the arts of stealth, war, and undoubtedly the garrote. Still, I signed it, if that was what it took to let me do my work. Everything went fine. And I left alive and undamaged - a plus, indeed!
Once in my lab, I discovered the last thing that had happened on his computer. About one minute after my phone call for permission to go over, GBB had sent himself an email and then immediately deleted it. The subject, all in caps, was "COFFEE!" No "C-Word" fooling around for him. The message in the body was simple and succinct: "If you find this email, F*** YOU!!!!!" Full self-expression is a wonderful thing. There was also a deleted photograph attached to the deleted email. It was a very recent photo of GBB's one-finger salute. Visual aids are always helpful in understanding the subject matter, don't you think?
In the end, I produced about 75 pages of documentation I thought relevant. Of course, I had to include GBB's missive. Opposing counsel called everything irrelevant or privileged of course, but the judge allowed it all with a few lines redacted. Everyone's favorite was the literate bit produced by GBB.
As for The Brother - the court decided that not only was he not very honest, due to the destruction of the most important data in the case - his original computer - but the evidence and the relevant emails showed him to be apparently undamaged by the Coffee. The case went to defeat, Debby and her firm were happy, and GBB became a legend.
Both Karen Unger & Steve Burgess are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.
Karen Unger has sinced written about articles on various topics from Computers and The Internet, Litigation. Karen Unger founded amdoc.com" title="American Document Management"> American Document Management. in 1989. She is an expert on of. Karen Unger's top article generates over 1900 views. Bookmark Karen Unger to your Favourites.
Steve Burgess has sinced written about articles on various topics from Computers and The Internet, Criminal Defense Law and Legal Matters. Steve Burgess writes and speaks about technology, actively practices and testifies as an expert witness naitonwide. He gives MCLE presentations and is a contributor to recently released Scientific Evidence in Civil and Criminal Cases, 5th Edition by Moens. Steve Burgess's top article generates over 1600 views. Bookmark Steve Burgess to your Favourites.
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