There is evidence that baseball is strictly American, as many of its features are



unique. Conversely, many cling to the long held belief that baseball was

derived from rounders, a British game. This claim is somewhat hard to

dispute. Almost everything except the shape of the field is similar to baseball.

Rounders uses posts instead of bases, and there are four posts, but the field is

arranged in a pentagon, with one side open. There is no foul territory, and if a

batsman swings at a pitch, or if the pitch is deemed inside the "batting square"

and there is no swing, they must attempt to run to the first post, even if they

don??t make contact with the ball.

A fielder produces an out by tagging the runner with the ball, tagging the post

the batsman is running toward with the ball, or catching the hit ball on the fly. A

batsman advances to the first post if three pitches are delivered by the

"bowler," 28 feet away, outside of the batting square. A batsman can also

advance on a ball hit behind the field arrangement, an area that is considered

"foul territory" in baseball, but only to the first post. There are nine players to a

team, just like in baseball, but there are nine outs per inning, and two innings

comprise a complete game.

There is no evidence of a direct connection of baseball to rounders other than

early sports writers (mostly British) saying so. Still, others believe that baseball

was developed from a very old folk game known as stool ball (1085 A.D., also

British). This is a stretch, as the game has many dissimilar features. We know

that in 2000 B.C. ball and stick type games were played by ancient cultures,

and Egyptian hieroglyphics describe an ancient game similar to baseball in

1500 B.C.

Baseball historians have tried to connect everything from these ancient games

to "tip-cat" to "base" as a claim to baseball??s ancestry. Many theorists from

England claim that baseball was taken from rounders, which has many

similarities, but it also has features dissimilar to baseball. Most of these

theories are questionable at best and downright ridiculous at worst.

In tip-cat a "batter" strikes the end of a whittled "cat," a piece of wood about 4

inches long that is similar to a parallelogram or pyramid on each end. It is

struck with a long stick which also serves as the bat. The "cat" is catapulted

into the air, then struck on its down flight with the bat. A player gets three

"strikes" at the cat, and the greatest accumulated distance wins. Does this

sound anything like baseball?

The game of base is just more-or-less "tag" with a base where you are safe.

The "base" is the only similarity to the game of baseball. Many of the earlier

folk games that go back as far as the 1300??s in England had some similarities

to baseball, cricket, rounders and other games. These games went by various

names, including stob-ball, stow-ball, stoolball, poison ball, tip-cat, and the list

goes on to infinity. Many baseball historians have stated these early games

were more direct ancestors of cricket and rounders.

Stoolball, most notably, had many similar features to rounders and cricket. In

stoolball, a batter defended an object (a stool or a stump) by striking a pitched

projectile of some sort. If the batter hit the projectile and it was caught by a

fielder, or missed hitting the ball and it struck a stool leg or a stump, the batter

was out. There is also some evidence, although not clearly, that these types of

games were social games and also had some similarities to "spin-the-bottle".

Stob-ball and stow-ball were regional spin-off games similar to stoolball. In the

year 1700, Thomas Wilson wrote down his disapproval of "morris dancing,

cudgel-playing, baseball and cricket." Some sources claim this statement was

"stoolball" rather than baseball.

In 1744, a small book by John Newbery called A Little Pretty Pocket-Book

provides us a woodcut model of the field in stoolball. It includes a rhyme that

mentions base-ball. The book was later republished in Colonial America. It

was also documented that in 1748 Frederick, the Prince of Wales, played in a

game similar to baseball. There were many other early British and Colonial

American games that have been thrown into the controversial "chicken or the

egg" argument of baseball??s origin. Perhaps rounders came from stoolball, or

perhaps baseball came from rounders? Some have even recently suggested

that rounders and cricket came from baseball.

Really, all that we do know for a fact is that the terms base-ball and stoolball

were used interchangeably on many occasions. We know for sure that the first

written rules for modern baseball appeared in 1845. We also know that one of

the reasons they were written was, once again, the rules were changed.

These "original" rules laid out the foul lines and eliminated the "plug out"

(hitting the runner with the ball to gain an out, if not on a base). This document

also included the first account of the tag-out and the force-out. There were also

no "innings" in the Knickerbocker or New York game. The first team to reach

twenty-one, allowing equal number of at-bats, won the game. Cartwright may

have written the modern rules, but there are still differences from the modern

game.

What??s important is that for the first time in baseball history these changes

were clearly documented, as were subsequent adjustments to the modern

rules of baseball. The evolution of baseball is a long and complex path, which

has snaked its way through a large number of similar games.