In epilepsy, there is a sudden transitory disturbance in brain, leading to sudden generalized convulsions of the whole body, involving all the four limbs, including the face, all at once (i.e. disturbance in motor function of the brain), called generalized/major/grand mal epilepsy. Or, there is convulsion of a part of the body, e.g. one of the limbs, or a part of the limb, say an arm, hand, foot, etc., or muscles of the face/ eye only. In some cases, however, these convulsions may spread first on the same side of the body, followed by similar symptoms on the other half of the body. In which case, the whole body gets involved, and this is called focal or Jacksonian epilepsy.
In many cases, especially in children, there may be only momentary / transitory unconsciousness (i.e. disturbance of consciousness in the brain) called petit mal epilepsy.
Likewise, some disturbance may occur to affect special sensations in the brain, i.e., sensation of sight (when the patient experiences dots or momentary bright lights), of hearing (when he hears odd noises), of smell or taste (i.e. abnormal/ unpleasant sensations of smell or taste etc.) Even sensations in the internal organs (visceral) may be involved in epilepsy, and the patient may feel discomfort in the upper and middle part of his abdomen (epigastrium), and this may also be associated with nausea/vomiting. Sensory sensations may also be involved, and the patient may feel pricking, burning, tearing etc. sensations in any part of the skin of the body.
In still other cases of epilepsy, say temporal lobe epilepsy, there may be emotional disturbances so that the patient may feel markedly frightened or terrorized etc. Or, there may be a disordered sense of the body, so that he feels as if one of his limbs, such as his arm, is getting smaller and smaller. He/she may even feel that the whole limb has disappeared. Likewise, the patient may feel that a part of the body is becoming larger and! or appearing in different forms/ shapes. There is a feeling of unreality, depersonalization and the patient may sink into a dream-like state. There may even be hallucinations of smell or taste in a case of temporal lobe epilepsy, which is one of the common focal epilepsies.
In general, any of the above clinical manifestations relating to the involvement of special senses or consciousness etc. may occur alone, or may be quickly followed by generalized/focal convulsion/ s, involving the motor function of the brain.
When such manifestations occur immediately before an attack of convulsions these are called 'aura'. These clinical manifestations are highly significant as they give a clue to the involvement of a specific area in the brain represented by them. The patient must in such a case be questioned, and symptoms must be confirmed so that the lesion in the brain can be diagnosed clinically. It is often seen that when convulsions occur, these important symptoms get masked, and the patient remembers convulsions only, they being a major manifestation. Hence, awareness of such symptoms is of great importance so that the patients themselves reveal such vital information to facilitate the physician's task.
In a nutshell, in epilepsy, there is a disturbance in various functions of the brain relating to motor function, consciousness, sensation, emotion etc., and its various clinical manifestations occur when any / some of the above functions an~ disturbed. And once one function is disturbed, disturbance of other functions may follow, depending upon the resistance/threshold of the patient concerned.
The resistance/threshold of the patient plays an important role in the involvement of various functions of the brain relating to epilepsy. In case the threshold/resistance is very high, none of the functions of the brain may be disturbed, i.e. there will be no attack of epilepsy, although the person is prone to epilepsy. However, in case the resistance is moderately high, only one function of the brain may be involved with no involvement of any other function of the brain. When the threshold/resistance is low/very low, disturbance of a function of the brain may quickly be followed by the involvement of other functions of brain, i.e., there may be an involvement of the functions of sensation, consciousness, motor function, etc. almost at the same time. The patient, after experiencing some disturbance relating to special senses (sight, smell, hearing etc.) may become unconscious, followed by generalized convulsions of the body (i.e. disturbance of motor function).
What Is System Link
“…to facilitate development of enterprising individuals who possess a positive, flexible and adaptable disposition towards change seeing it as normal and an opportunity rather than a problem. To see change in this way an enterprising individual has a security borne of self-confidence and is at ease when dealing with insecurity, risks, difficulties and the unknown.
An enterprising individual has the capacity to initiate creative ideas, develop them, and see them through into action in a determined way. An enterprising individual is able, even anxious to take responsibility, and is an effective communicator, negotiator, influencer, planner and organiser. They are active, confident, purposeful: not passive, uncertain and dependent.”
Entrepreneurship and the extent of entrepreneurial activity within the UK has only just started to command attention over recent years. With regards to employment and the workforce at large, the emphasis had been on assigning much resources to attracting inward investment – large companies with the capability of employing a vast amount of people at one time.
Repetitive failures on behalf of government to successfully secure foreign investors over the past few years (let's face it, who can compete with the tiny wages paid in the Far East and Eastern Europe) has only served to confirm doubts about the viability and the ‘economic sense' in attaching as much importance to achieving inward investment.
I have long argued for a substantial re-addressing of the existing balance between: resources awarded to encouraging the growth and development of indigenous businesses; and resources awarded to attracting employers from overseas to invest in our infrastructure and, more specifically, our workforce.
The prime argument behind this is that the latter is essentially a short-term solution to the problems of the UK economy. It is also damaging as it often proves insensitive to the culture and environment of the local area, and eventually causes a severe unemployment situation – this is particularly dire when the vast majority of the working population of the area were employed by the company who had set up in the area only a few years ago.
Early indications show that the former is increasingly ‘catching up' with the latter, if only in the ‘discussion' sense for the time being.
The future of entrepreneurship lies with our young population. If a strong and sustainable entrepreneurial culture is to exist, it is essential that it is fostered at the earliest possible stage. If more emphasis is placed on teaching the basic principles of entrepreneurship, thereby encouraging people to develop commercial awareness and attaching a more outward-looking view, we would be in a better position to encourage a greater percentage of business start-ups and expansions.
So in the strong tradition of my company, Entrepreneur Secrets, what would I advise would-be entrepreneurs to do? This is where I come into my own – to give people ideas to just ‘go out and do'. And here is a great example that I've actually been working on since 2006! It involves the biggest industry in the world – the food industry – and the fact that it has been on the threshold of a great change for two years, in Europe at least. And with it will bring great opportunities for those who will be ready for these changes.
Agriculture has been one of the flagship areas of European collaboration since the early days of the European Community. In negotiations on the creation of a Common Market, France insisted on a system of agricultural subsidies as its price for agreeing to free trade in industrial goods. The Common Agricultural Policy began operating in 1962, with the Community intervening to buy farm output when the market price fell below an agreed target level.
This helped reduce Europe's reliance on imported food but led before long to over-production, and the creation of “mountains” and “lakes” of surplus food and drink. The Community also taxed imports and (from the 1970s onward) subsidised agricultural exports. These policies have been damaging for foreign farmers, and made Europe's food prices some of the highest in the world. European leaders were alarmed at the high cost of the CAP as early as 1967, but, despite this, radical reform began only in the 1990s.
The aim has been to break the link between subsidies and production, to diversify the rural economy and to respond to consumer demands for safe food, and high standards of animal welfare and environmental protection. There are some French arguments for saving the CAP which sound respectable. Jacques Delors, a former head of the European Commission, put it best when he said he would not sacrifice the French countryside on the altar of world trade. The beauty of France and the glories of its food and wine are indeed splendid, and help make the country the world's most popular tourist destination.
But the idea that the CAP is all about helping rustic smallholders to keep making rare cheeses has very little to do with reality. In fact, 80% of the EU's farm subsidies go to the 20% of the Union's farmers with the biggest farms. Because EU subsidies are linked to production, they encourage ugly, intensive, industrial farming. The people the CAP helps most are big businessmen with vast fields of sugar beet in northern France or miles of bright-yellow oil-seed rape in southern England.
The key reform proposed by the European Commission is to cut the link between farm subsidies and production. The same amount of taxpayers' money would continue to pour into the European countryside, but under the Commission's proposals it would increasingly be directed towards environmental protection and rural development, and away from intensive farming.
Those who think farming is dead and that there is no money in it need to think again. The almost mass exodus from the countryside means that farms are now exchanging hands for relatively little money but, if run properly, could soon turn into goldmines under the new subsidy regime. Farms which concentrate early on goals that ordinary people genuinely support, such as beautifying the countryside, will do particularly well. This is because more money would be spent on these activities as the Commission caps the amount that the largest farms receive, so ending the anomaly of the wealthiest landholders, such as England's Prince Charles, doing particularly well out of the CAP.
In addition, biofuels could provide a major income for Britain's arable farmers. Even without demand for the ‘green' fuel, recent falls in output – thanks to drought and low stocks – will keep prices high. Prices will rise by between 20% and 50% by 2016. Production in the US, which mainly uses domestic corn, is expected to jump by 50% in 2007 – and to double by 2016. Meanwhile in Brazil, currently the world's fastest growing ethanol producer, biofuel output is set to hit 44bn litres over the next 10 years, 145% more than in 2006.
The idea of picking up a cheap farm which prices are still low is an attractive proposition, and one that should be considered carefully before farm prices go the same way as house prices over a ten-year period.
Both K Bakhru & Alan Dowler are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.